Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Ironmaking

Ironmaking nyob rau hauv Suav teb pib thaum lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav thiab lub caij nplooj zeeg. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, txoj kev ntawm kev ua hlau yog thaiv hlau, uas cuam tshuam nrog kev txo qis ntawm cov hlau ore nyob rau hauv qis smelting kub kom tau sponge hlau, uas yog ces forged rau hauv hlau blocks. Smelting block ironmaking feem ntau siv peb hom: lub qhov cub hauv av, lub qhov cub hauv av, thiab qhov cub ntsug. Tsis ntev tom qab mastering thev naus laus zis ntawm block ironmaking, Tuam Tshoj tau tsim kua npua hlau uas muaj ntau tshaj 2% carbon thiab siv nws los cam khwb cia cov cuab yeej. Nyob rau thaum ntxov Warring States lub sij hawm, Tuam Tshoj twb tau mastered decarburization thiab kho cua sov technologies, thiab invented ductile cam khwb cia hlau. Thaum lub sij hawm Warring States lig, reusable "hlau pwm" (hollow hlab ua los ntawm hlau rau casting hlau khoom) tau tsim.
Thaum lub sij hawm Western Han Dynasty, txoj kev crucible smelting tau tshwm sim. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov ntsuas ntawm cov hlau ua ntsug rauv tau nthuav dav ntxiv. Xyoo 1975, Han Dynasty hlau smelting qhov chaw tau tshawb pom thiab khawb hauv Guxing Town ze Zhengzhou, npog thaj tsam ntawm 120000 square meters. Ob qho tib si blast furnace foundations nrog qhov ntim ntawm txog 50m3 tau khawb. Thaum lub sijhawm Western Han Dynasty, "steel roasting method" kuj tau tsim, uas yog txheej txheem tshiab ntawm kev siv npua hlau rau "roast" hlau lossis hlau, thiab cov khoom hu ua roasted steel. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, "Houndred Steelmaking" thev naus laus zis kuj tau tshwm sim. Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Han Dynasty (25-220 AD), thaum lub sij hawm kav ntawm Emperor Guangwu, hydraulic blast furnace, los yog hu ua "dej ntws", tau tsim. Kev tsim cov dej ntws tawm hauv Suav teb thaum ub yog kwv yees li 1100 xyoo dhau los hauv Tebchaws Europe.
Tom qab Han Dynasty, txoj kev nchuav hlau tau tsim. Biography ntawm Qi Mu Huai nyob rau hauv Phau Ntawv Northern Qi yog hu ua "Su Gang", tom qab lub npe hu ua Guan Gang los yog Tuan Gang. Qhov no yog lwm qhov kev ua tiav loj hauv Suav teb thaum ub steelmaking technology.
Raws li "Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Suav Encyclopedia", Tuam Tshoj yog lub teb chaws ntxov tshaj plaws siv cov thee rau hlau smelting, uas twb tau sim thaum lub sij hawm Han Dynasty thiab nrov thaum lub sij hawm Song thiab Yuan Dynasty. Los ntawm Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD), nws twb muaj peev xwm smelt npua hlau los ntawm coke. Thaum lub sij hawm 14th mus rau 15th centuries AD, zus tau tej cov hlau ntau tshaj 20 lab kilograms, sib npaug rau kwv yees li 12000 tons. Tebchaws Askiv, uas tau pib muaj Kev Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam nyob rau sab hnub poob, tau mus txog qib no txog ob puas xyoo tom qab.
Zuag qhia tag nrho, cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev txhim kho steel nyob rau hauv Suav teb thaum ub txawv ntawm lwm lub tebchaws. Kev txo qis hauv lub xeev raws li thaiv hlau smelting thiab cov khoom carburizing steel tau ntev tau siv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, thaum cam khwb cia hlau thiab npua hlau steelmaking yeej ib txwm yog lub ntsiab txoj kev nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj. Vim yog kev tsim thiab kev tsim cov cam khwb cia hlau thiab npua hlau steelmaking txoj kev, Tuam Tshoj lub metallurgical technology tseem nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no qib siab mus txog rau thaum nruab nrab Ming Dynasty.
Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, lub Qing tsoom fwv tau tsim niaj hnub kev lag luam tub rog, tsim phom, ua tsov ua rog, thiab imported ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cov hlau ua los ntawm Western lub teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv 1867, cov ntshuam ntawm steel yog txog 8250 tons, nyob rau hauv 1885 nws yog hais txog 90000 tons, thiab nyob rau hauv 1891 nws nce mus rau 1.7 lab tons (kwv yees li 130000 tons). Ntshuam steel tau maj mam nyob hauv Suav lag luam, ua rau nws nyuaj rau cov tsoos hlau smelting kev lag luam kom tswj tau ntau lawm, thaum domestic steel noj tseem nce. Yog li ntawd, qhov nce ntawm kev lag luam steel niaj hnub tau dhau los ua qhov tsim nyog ntawm lub sijhawm.
Xyoo 1871 (13 xyoo ntawm Qing Dynasty Tongzhi kav), Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws ntawm Zhili, Li Hongzhang, thiab Minister of Shipping, Shen Baozhen, tau thov kom qhib cov thee thiab hlau kom tau raws li cov tub rog xav tau. Lawv tau txais kev tso cai thiab raug txiav txim mus sim hauv Cizhou, Fujian, thiab Taiwan hauv Zhili. Xyoo 1875, Cizhou Coal thiab Hlau Mine hauv Zhili tau xaj cov tshuab hlau melting los ntawm Tebchaws Askiv, tab sis tsis tuaj yeem kaw qhov kev txiav txim vim muaj kev thauj mus los nyuaj. Qhov xwm txheej no qhia tau hais tias thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, twb tau tsom mus rau kev tsim kho hom tshiab ntawm kev lag luam steel. Xyoo 1886, Guizhou Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Pan Wei tau tsim Qingchang, uas thawj zaug siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob hauv av thiab tom qab ntawd tau txiav txim rau cov khoom siv hlau thiab steelmaking los ntawm Tebchaws Askiv. Lub installation tau tiav nyob rau hauv 1888. Vim yog kev noj nyiaj txiag hauv Qing lub tsev hais plaub, tsis muaj nyiaj txiag, thee, thiab hlau ore, nrog rau kev tswj tsis zoo thiab tsis muaj ib tus neeg txawj ntse, kev ua haujlwm tau raug tshem tawm hauv xyoo 1893. Qhov no yog kev sim ua. tsim kom muaj cov nroj tsuag niaj hnub.